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Rosehip decoction: composition, useful properties, how to cook it

The plant rosehip is known to everyone, but few people know how useful a decoction, prepared from its fruits. The article will describe the useful properties and contraindications of this drink.



Composition and caloric content.

In 100 ml of decoction of rosehips contains only 20 kcal. The drink contains 4.5 g of carbohydrates, 0.3 g of protein and 0.1 g of fat. If you add sugar, the amount of carbohydrates and calories will change. The fruit of the plant contains vitamins A, B, E, C, PP. The chemical composition is represented by elements such as sodium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, iron, phosphorus, calcium, etc. In the composition of rosehips there are organic acids, dietary fiber, starch and ash.

What is the usefulness of rosehip broth?

The benefits and harms of rosehip broth

General benefits

Since ancient times, people have actively used rosehips for various purposes. Nowadays, it is impossible to deny the positive effects on the body of these berries, the main benefit of the decoction from which lies in the following properties:

  • promotes the strengthening of the immune system;
  • calms the nervous system;
  • improves blood flow and speeds up the metabolism;
  • Has an antimicrobial effect and helps reduce inflammation;
  • strengthens the walls of blood vessels;
  • It is a diuretic, choleretic, and styptic;
  • allows you to maintain visual acuity;
  • It has a positive effect on hormones.

For women

It is important for the fair sex to feel their attractiveness. The rosehip drink has a positive effect on the female body, which is manifested in the following changes:

  • reduces peeling of the skin, inflammation;
  • promotes the elimination of acne;
  • eliminates brittle nails;
  • improves hair condition;
  • Increases the production of collagen, essential for skin elasticity and the elimination of fine lines and wrinkles.

The components that rosehips contain normalize the nervous system, therefore reducing the risk of depression.

For men

The decoction is used for the prevention of many diseases to which the male body is prone:

  • stroke;
  • myocardial infarction;
  • Hypertension and atherosclerosis;
  • Abnormal cholesterol levels;
  • problems of the genitourinary system;
  • prostatitis.

Adherents of the folk method of treatment believe that regular consumption of a drink of rosehip contributes to the restoration of potency.

Doctors recommend the use of rosehip as part of a complex therapy, along with medications.

In pregnancy

Pregnancy is not a contraindication for receiving a drink from rosehips, if the future mother does not suffer from diseases in which this drink is contraindicated.

Experts recommend consuming the decoction during pregnancy in a certain dosage. Uncontrolled intake can lead to leaching of calcium from the woman's body, which is especially necessary for the child for normal intrauterine development.

However, the benefits to the body from a moderate reception exceeds the possible harm due to important properties:

  1. The dietary fiber contained in rosehips helps to gently cleanse the intestines, freeing them from toxins and impurities.
  2. The high content of vitamin C allows you to strengthen the immune system and is an excellent prevention of colds.
  3. Vitamin A is essential for pregnant women, but taking it in large quantities can interfere with the normal development of the baby. For this reason, take pharmacy vitamin complexes with caution. Vitamin A (carotene), which is contained in rosehips, is not able to harm the baby.

In addition, the use of the decoction allows:

  • reduce the concentration of cholesterol;
  • prevent the appearance of edema;
  • normalize blood pressure;
  • maintain iron levels;
  • Prevent the development of anemia.

When breastfeeding

The lactation period is no less important for the already born baby. The mother needs to take care of her health and prevent the occurrence of diseases, as pathogenic microbes are able to penetrate into the breast milk.

Moderate consumption of rosehip drink is shown for the following reasons:

  1. Ascorbic acid, which is part of rosehip, helps to strengthen the immune system of a nursing woman.
  2. Magnesium reduces cramps and has a positive effect on blood vessels and heart rhythm.
  3. Vitamin E normalizes the hormonal background.
  4. Infusion helps to increase the volume of breast milk.

Rosehip can cause allergies in the infant, so a woman should start taking the decoction with caution, you should drink a few small sips and monitor the reaction. If the baby does not have rashes and colic, then you can increase the amount of the drink.

Video: What you can drink when breastfeeding Expand

For children

In the period of childhood, the use of decoction is useful due to the high concentration of vitamin C, for the maintenance of the daily norm of which it is enough to eat 10 berries.

Many believe that the decoction of rosehip at the initial stage of the cold allows you to avoid serious consequences and contributes to a quick recovery.

The drink is shown to children in the following cases:

  • in diseases of the digestive system;
  • Weak hair growth;
  • iron deficiency in the blood;
  • jaundice.

Because of the high likelihood of allergic reactions, experts recommend limiting the use of rosehip drink to children under six months of age. Introduce the decoction should be careful, during the day necessarily observing the reaction.

With weight loss

Decoction has a low nutritional value, so you should not refuse it during the fight against extra pounds. A drink made from rosehips helps to normalize metabolic processes, removes toxins and impurities, and also helps to reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood.

In order not to increase the caloric value of the drink, you should use it without sugar-containing additives.

Rosehip decoction in medicine

Rosehips are recognized as both scientific and folk medicine. To date, there is a huge number of preparations containing the extract of the healing plant.

Rosehip decoction in medicine

In case of diabetes

To date, there is no cure for diabetes, the drugs allow to maintain a stable condition of the patient. Rose hips have a low glycemic index (20-25 units), so diabetics should not refuse the decoction made from them.

In addition, rosehips contain important components for diabetic patients:

  • iron (promotes the normalization of hemoglobin levels in the bloodstream);
  • Zinc (normalizes the work of pancreatic hormones and controls the production of insulin);
  • Molybdenum (normalizes metabolism);
  • Manganese (promotes insulin production).

The content of sugar in rosehips depends on the area where the shrub grows. In the eastern part of our country there are varieties of the plant, which contain more sugar and starch, so patients with diabetes is better to refuse to eat their fruits. It is worth paying attention to the rosehips growing in the European part of Russia. Harvesting of healing berries can be carried out independently, if the place of residence allows it. To do this you need to follow a number of recommendations:

  1. Berries should be collected from shrubs that are far from factories, factories, roadways and garbage dumps.
  2. Gathering should be done in the period from the end of August and ending with the first frosts (frozen fruits contain a small amount of useful components).
  3. Dry the berries in a well-ventilated room or using a special dryer for fruits and vegetables.

Recipe for cooking broth for diabetes: 20 grams of fruit pour a liter of hot water and boil over low heat for 10 minutes. After a day, the broth is ready for use. It is recommended to use a drink in the morning, 20-30 minutes before breakfast.

With pancreatitis

An improper and irregular diet can cause inflammation of the pancreas, called pancreatitis. Many plants and herbs are used to treat the disease. Decoction of rosehip is an effective remedy, proven by time.

Useful properties of decoction for a patient with pancreatitis:

  • reduces pain in the area of the gland;
  • Eliminates inflammation and swelling;
  • Promotes healing of damaged areas.

Recipe for cooking broth with pancreatitis
During the attack, the decoction is prepared as follows: 20 g of berries pour a liter of boiling water and leave to simmer at a minimum temperature for an hour. Then the drink is allowed to infuse. Before taking the broth is diluted in equal proportions and taken 50 ml in the morning and evening.

During a chronic exacerbation of the disease to prepare the broth use 50 grams of crushed rose hips, which are poured over hot water (not boiling) and infused in a water bath for 15 minutes. The decoction is taken according to the same principle as during the acute phase of the disease.

In the intermediate stage (remission) decoction should be taken as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Gastritis

Gastritis is characterized by inflammation of the walls of the stomach, which occurs with a deviation of acidity indicators.

Before you start taking decoction of rosehip, it is necessary to undergo an examination in a specialized institution and to take the necessary tests in order to know the index of acidity of the gastric juice.

In case of high acidity, specialists do not recommend taking rosehip decoction.

At normal and low pH readings decoction of rosehip helps to eliminate inflammation, restores digestion and stimulates the regeneration of damaged cells. This effect is due to the effects of tannins, vitamins and pectin. These components are destroyed during boiling, so the drink must be prepared according to a certain technology:

50 g of crushed fruits pour a liter of hot water (not higher than 70 degrees) and heat in a water bath for 15 minutes. It is necessary to avoid the boiling process. Cooked decoction is taken in the cooled form of 50 ml before eating. Number of intakes should be discussed with the attending physician.

For the intestines

The drink has a positive effect on the intestines:

  • eliminates the inflammatory process;
  • Removes toxins and impurities;
  • eliminates pain.

To prepare the broth, grind the root of the plant. 25 g of the resulting powder pour 1 liter of water. The mixture is steamed for about 20 minutes. Chilled drink is recommended to use 30 ml in the morning and evening until the elimination of unpleasant symptoms.

With constipation

Due to their fiber content, rosehip fruits help to soften stools. Their ability to normalize the outflow of bile prevents the thickening and hardening of stools.

To eliminate constipation pour 10 grams of rosehip powder with a glass of boiled water. After 2 hours, the mixture is brought to a boil. Decoction cooled and filtered through gauze. Take twice a day, half a tablespoon in the morning and evening until the elimination of constipation.

When gout

The disease is associated with a violation of the metabolism of natural substances (purines), resulting in an accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints.

Methods of traditional medicine will not cure gout, you can reduce the symptoms of the disease, normalize the hormonal background and stabilize the processes of the endocrine system.

Gout is accompanied by severe painful sensations, which rosehip decoction is able to reduce. For this purpose, it is recommended to use it in the early stage of the disease. In the severe form, the infusion is ineffective.

Recipe for gout: 25 g of the fruit of the plant is sent to a saucepan with hot water, cover with a lid and insist at least 8 hours.

With colitis

Rosehip is used as an anti-inflammatory agent in colitis. The healing components that make up the berries of the plant have a strengthening effect on the intestines. For this reason, experts recommend the use of rosehip decoction in colitis. It is allowed to use the infusion not only in the period of remission, but also during the acute phase.

Recipe for infusion in colitis: 25 g of rosehip flowers pour boiling water in the amount of 200 ml and cover with a lid. The resulting infusion is recommended to use three times a day. A single dose is 25 ml. The remedy helps to reduce pain syndrome.

For the liver

Rosehip has a positive effect on the liver, promotes its recovery and supports the organ in tone. This is due to the choleretic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory abilities of the fruit of the plant.

Recovery of the liver with the help of rosehip decoction requires compliance with the following recommendations:

  1. It is necessary to consult a specialist.
  2. It is desirable to undergo a medical examination to exclude diseases in which the decoction of rosehip is contraindicated.
  3. For a week, exclude alcohol and reconsider your diet (avoid fatty and fried foods).
  4. Do not independently change the dose of the broth.

Recipe for liver decoction: 25 g of berries are crushed, to save time you can do it with a meat grinder. The resulting pulp pour 0.5 liters of liquid and send to simmer on steam for about 15 minutes. After that the broth is left to infuse. After 30 minutes, strain the resulting drink and proceed to consumption. It is recommended to take in the morning and evening 100 ml for 30 days. Children should reduce the dose to 50 ml.

In cholecystitis

The benefits of rosehip are undeniable in inflammation of the gallbladder due to its incredible composition and healing properties.

Decoction of rosehip should be taken with cholecystitis for the following reasons:

  • kills pain during the pain syndrome;
  • Promotes regeneration of affected tissues;
  • reduces inflammation;
  • Prevents the formation of stones.

Recipe for the decoction: 20g of dried berries pour 1 liter of water and boil over low heat for 15 minutes. Cooled at room temperature broth is ready for use. It is taken three times a day, 100 ml.

With a cold

The common cold is one of the most common diseases. The benefits of rosehip from this ailment are enormous: the decoction reduces inflammation, strengthens the immune system and accelerates the recovery of the patient.

Recipe for a decoction with a cold: 25 g of fruits pour water of 500 ml and boil for two minutes. The cooled infusion is ready to use. Strengthen the positive effect you can use honey and a slice of lemon.

From jaundice

Jaundice - a frequent ailment of newborn children, in which the skin takes on a yellow hue. This occurs from an overabundance of bilirubin in the blood. Usually the skin color normalizes on its own within two weeks.

Treatment is necessary when jaundice is of an infectious nature. A good tool in this case is rosehip broth, but it can be given to children who have reached the age of 6 months.

Recipe for cooking broth with jaundice: 20 g of berry powder is placed in a glass dish and pour 500 ml of water. The resulting mixture is steamed for 10 minutes. The drink is given to the infant twice a day, 7-10 ml.

Before starting therapy you should consult with a specialist. To exclude allergic reactions, the decoction is introduced gradually, starting with a few drops, and monitor the reaction of the child's body.

In hypertension

Studies have shown that decoction of rosehip is able to reduce blood pressure, this is due to the following properties of the fruit of the shrub:

  • contribute to the expansion of blood vessels and strengthen their walls;
  • stabilize the work of the heart;
  • Normalize the duration of sleep.

Regular use of decoction contributes not only to the normalization of pressure, but also improves the process of blood circulation.

Recipe for a decoction for hypertension: 25 g of crushed rosehip roots pour 500 ml of hot water and boil for two minutes. When the broth cools, bring it back to a boil and remove from the stove. After three hours you can begin therapy. Decoction is recommended to take 50 ml of warm water three times a day.

At the poisoning

Healing fruits of the shrub contain a significant concentration of ascorbic acid, which helps to strengthen the body, which is extremely necessary when poisoning. Also the decoction of fruits has a favorable effect on the digestive system and gently removes toxic substances excreted by the consumption of the poisonous product.

In addition, rosehips can be used by children, women during pregnancy and lactation, when pharmacy drugs have many contraindications.

Recipe of decoction for poisoning

  1. For adults. 5 tablespoons of rosehip fruits are added to 1 liter of water. The resulting mixture is boiled for about 10 minutes. It is recommended to use the cooled drink in the morning and evening 0.5 glass.
  2. For children. A teaspoon of berries pour a glass of steep boiling water, cool and give a child. For children over two years old, it is allowed to add the fruit of the shrub in a weak tea.

Children's bodies are prone to allergic reactions, so the drink is started with a small portion. If there is no reaction, the volume can be increased.

Anemia

Anemia is characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the blood. Otherwise, the disease is also called anemia. A decrease in hemoglobin causes the body to suffer from oxygen deprivation. In this condition, a person feels a sense of weakness, dizziness and headaches.

The daily use of decoction of rosehips will normalize the hemoglobin level thanks to the iron that the fruit of the shrub contains.

Recipe for a decoction with anemia: 25 g of rosehips pour 500 ml of boiling water and send on the stove. Boil the broth on a water bath for 15 minutes. Ready decoction is recommended to use twice a day for 50 ml. Variety in the taste of the drink can be with honey or dried fruits.

Rosehip decoction in cosmetology

For Face

Due to the content of vitamins A and E, rosehips are widely used in the beauty industry. These substances are natural antioxidants, which are excellent against the signs of aging and give the skin a fresh and well-groomed appearance.

Rosehip decoction in cosmetology

To prepare a natural remedy for wrinkles you will need only two ingredients: dried fruits and plain water. Pour 75 g of berries in 500 ml of liquid and boil for 20 minutes. The decoction is infused for at least 6 hours.

The infusion is used for the skin in different ways:

  1. The decoction is wiped over the skin with a cotton pad, without affecting the area around the eyes. The procedure can be performed daily. The skin becomes smooth and healthy looking.
  2. The decoction is poured into an ice mold and frozen. Prepared cubes are recommended to wipe your face every morning. Such a procedure not only tones the skin, but also perfectly fights acne.

The effect is enhanced with the addition of essential oils. You can buy them at the drugstore or in a cosmetics store.

Mask for dry skin
Ingredients:

  • rosehip decoction - 2 tsp;
  • vegetable oil - 2 tsp;
  • raw egg yolk - 1 pc.

Method of preparation: Mix the used components until homogeneous.

The resulting composition to apply in a massaging motion on the face. The therapy should be continued for 10-15 minutes.

Mask for oily skin
Ingredients:

  • raw egg white - 1 pc;
  • rosehip broth - 3 tsp.

Method of preparation: Protein thoroughly whipped and gradually introduce the decoction.

Apply the composition to the face. The therapy should be carried out for 10 minutes, then rinse the active composition.

Cleansing mask
Ingredients:

  • fat sour cream - 25 g;
  • rosehip decoction - 25 ml;
  • lemon juice - 25 ml.

Method of preparation: Thoroughly mix the components and apply to the face. Duration of the procedure is 20 minutes.

Anti-wrinkle mask
Ingredients:

  • rosehip decoction - 25 ml;
  • floral honey - 1 tsp.

Method of preparation: Mix the ingredients thoroughly until homogeneous. Apply the composition to the face, without affecting the skin around the eyes and lips. After 15 minutes, wash off the mask.

Since honey is a strong allergen, it is recommended to test the mask on a small area of the skin. If there is no redness, you can proceed to the procedure.

Video: 11 facial masks that can be done in a minute Expand

For hair

Beneficial effects on the structure of hair and scalp have the following components of rosehip:

  • vitamins eliminate breakage and protect against the negative effects of the environment;
  • essential oils protect from the ultraviolet rays;
  • molybdenum prevents hair loss;
  • manganese soothes the skin;
  • Carotene moisturizes and nourishes hair roots;
  • glycerin helps eliminate dandruff.

With the help of rosehip, you can give your hair a shine. Owners of blond curls should use the decoction with caution, it can give your hair a darker shade.

Decoction for rinsing hair
Decoction is used as a means to combat dandruff. To this end, it is used after each wash.

Preparation method: Three tablespoons of fruit pour a liter of water and boil for 15-20 minutes. The cooled decoction is ready for use.

Mask with rose hips and henna
Ingredients:

  • colorless henna - 2 tbsp;
  • Rosehip decoction - 2 tbsp.

Preparation process: Mix the ingredients thoroughly. Spread the resulting porridge on the entire length and cover the head with a cellophane cap. After 40 minutes, wash the mask off.

The mask helps to reduce sebum production, due to this hair retains a fresh look longer.

Dyeing hair rosehip
To prepare the coloring composition, you need to grind 75 grams of dried rose hips. Dilute the resulting powder with 100-125 ml of boiling water. After two hours you can start the coloring procedure.

The resulting mass should be distributed over the entire length of the hair and leave it for 60 minutes. At the end of the time, you should rinse your hair thoroughly. As a result of such a procedure, they acquire a golden hue.

Mask with rosehip decoction
Ingredients:

  • rosehip decoction - 50 ml;
  • honey - 25 ml;
  • lemon juice - 25 ml.

To achieve a thick consistency you need to add flour to the mask.

Method of preparation: Combine the ingredients and mix thoroughly.

The resulting mask should be evenly distributed over the entire length of the hair and left for 15 minutes.

The damage and contraindications

Before using the decoction of rosehips for therapeutic purposes, it is necessary to consult a specialist, because the drink from the healing fruit has a number of serious contraindications:

  • increased acidity of the stomach (due to the large amount of vitamin C);
  • risk of developing blood clots;
  • cardiovascular diseases.

Under the influence of a large amount of vitamin C can develop mechanical jaundice.

Decoction can cause serious allergic reactions, such as redness of the skin and the appearance of rashes, as well as calcium leaching from the body. Ascorbic acid contained in high concentrations can destroy tooth enamel, so the decoction is recommended to be consumed through a tube.

How much you can store decoction of rosehip

It is not recommended to store the healing drink for a long time. To get the full benefit from the use of decoction, it is necessary to take it immediately after preparation.

If it is necessary to postpone the reception of the drink, it should be put in the refrigerator, but for no more than 24 hours. After this time, much of the useful properties of the drink is lost.

How to prepare rosehip decoction

There are a huge number of ways to prepare the healing drink. The article will present the most common options.

How to cook rosehip broth

From fresh berries

Decoction, cooked from fresh fruits, allows you to retain all of its most valuable properties.

Preparation method

  1. Prepared berries cut into two parts and take out the seeds.
  2. Extracted raw material grind with a fork and send in hot water. The temperature of the liquid should not exceed 60 degrees. For 10 g of seeds enough to use 200 ml of water.
  3. Leave to insist for an hour, then strain.

The decoction prepared in this way retains the greatest concentration of useful components.

From dried fruits

To use the healing properties all year round, the berries are dried. You can do it yourself with a dryer or oven, or you can do it in a well-ventilated room. It is important to collect fruits that have grown away from landfills, roads and industrial facilities.

Method of preparation

  1. 1 teaspoon of powder obtained by grinding dried fruit, pour 500 ml of hot water, the temperature should not exceed 60 degrees.
  2. After 40 minutes the infusion is ready for use.

From the roots

The roots of the plant are used in ground form. For 10 g of ground raw materials, it is recommended to use 400 ml of liquid. The mixture should be kept on water steam for about 15 minutes. Fully cooled drink is ready for use.

Decoction of the roots is used for high blood pressure, diseases of the digestive organs and the cardiovascular system.

In a thermos

Since metal utensils have the ability to react chemically, you should use a thermos with a glass flask to prepare the broth. The method is incredibly simple and convenient.

For preparation, it is enough to pour boiling water over the berries of rosehips, cover with a lid and leave to insist for one hour. For one tablespoon of fruit, 1 liter of water is used.

In the multicooker

The functions of stewing and heating are present in almost any multicooker. They are perfect for preparing a therapeutic decoction.

Ingredients:

  • rose hips - 200 g:
  • water - 1,5 l.

Method of preparation

  1. Place the washed berries in a bowl of a multicooker and pour cold water.
  2. Turn on stew mode and set the timer for 40 minutes.
  3. At the end of the required time, turn on the heating mode for 30 minutes.

How many times can I brew rosehips

It is recommended to brew rosehips once. Adding liquid dilutes the useful components, and the healing effect is reduced.

Video: How to brew rosehips Expand

How to properly take a decoction of rosehip

In the matter of taking the drink, it is important to observe moderation. Uncontrolled use can harm the body.

After taking it, it is necessary to rinse your mouth, this will protect against the destructive effect of ascorbic acid on the tooth enamel.

The use of parsley, dill and celery against the background of taking the decoction helps to soften the effects of the components of the drink on the digestive system.

How much you can drink per day

It is important to consider the age when consuming the infusion and the nature of the ailment:

  • children from 6 months to 1 year - 10 ml 3 times a day;
  • From 1 to 2 years - 25 ml 2-3 times a day;
  • From 3 to 12 years - 50 ml 2-3 times a day;
  • From 12 years of age - 100 ml 2-3 times a day.

Can you drink at night and on an empty stomach

The infusion can be used on an empty stomach, but after 30 minutes you should have a snack, as the drink increases the acidity of the gastric juice. Experts do not recommend the use of decoction before going to bed.

Interesting facts about rosehips

Interesting facts about rosehips

  1. Rosehips contain 10 times more ascorbic acid compared to currants. The daily norm of vitamin C is contained in only 10 berries.
  2. The fruits of the famous shrub are called a champion among other plants for the content of useful substances.
  3. In England during the Second World War, all the children were prescribed a syrup of rosehip as a tonic.
  4. The shrub is thought to be native to Iran and the Himalayas. According to one legend, rose hips decorated the garden of the goddess of fertility Aphrodite.
  5. There are about 50,000 varieties of rosehip in the world. Of these, 100 grow on the territory of our country.
  6. In Russia there are unique varieties of the plant, which are not found in other countries.
  7. Shrubs of certain species can reach ten meters in height.
  8. In Germany, the oldest rose hip grows. According to various sources, its age ranges from 450 to 1000 years. The trunk reaches a diameter of 50 cm. The oldest rose is around 12m tall.
  9. In the U.S. there is a rose hip called the "Rose of Banks", which covers a huge area of 730 square meters.
  10. In France, there is a widespread variety of rosehip, which has the ability to take the form of lianas during the summer period. What distinguishes the French rosehip is its unpleasant stinky smell.
  11. The shrub has the ability to bloom several times a season under favorable environmental conditions.
  12. Rosehip decoction has a favorable effect on the skin and hair.
  13. With the help of a powder made from dried fruits, it is possible to change the shade of hair.
  14. Wild rose is the second name of the shrub.
  15. Blackthorn is one of the varieties of rose hips.
  16. The flowers of the shrub can be used to guide you in time. Their petals open around 6 a.m. and close at about 8 p.m.
  17. Excavations in Switzerland have shown that ancient man consumed shrubbery berries during the Ice Age.
  18. Decoction made from the shrub's berries has been used since the 17th century to treat wounds in everyday life and during wars.
  19. To make 1 kg of rosehip oil, it is necessary to process 3,000 kg of petals.
  20. At the time of Ivan the Terrible, rosehips had a high value, only wealthy merchants and boyars could afford them.
  21. In ancient times, people believed in the magic power of the bush flowers. They were used during pagan ceremonies. It was believed that the rosehip was able to establish relations between spouses and return lost feelings.

«Important: All information on this site is provided solely for introductory For information purposes only. Before applying any recommendations, consult a health care professional. specialist. Neither the editors nor the authors shall be liable for any possible harm caused by materials."


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